土壤–根系–微生物系统中影响氮磷利用的一些关键协同机制的研究进展

根际是养分进入作物系统的门户,也是土壤-根系-微生物相互作用的微域。根际界面过程决定了氮磷养分的供应强度和有效性,最终影响了氮磷养分的利用效率和作物生产力。近年来,国内外在揭示农田土壤-根系-微生物系统中不同界面的养分转化、吸收和运输机制方面取得了一些新进展。在不同时空尺度上分析了影响土壤氮磷转化微生物组成的影响因子;研究了丛枝菌根系统形成的信号机制及其对氮磷吸收的基因调控机制;从信号网络、根系质子分泌和根构型的角度系统揭示了作物根系应对根际环境氮磷养分供应的形态和生理响应机制。未来针对根际氮磷高效利用问题,需要深入研究土壤-根系-微生物不同界面的协同机制和调控原理,在根际微域和土壤团聚体尺度开展微生物食物网及其关键功能微生物分布格局和演替规律的研究;揭示根构型对根系–微生物协同结构和功能的影响,研究养分缺乏条件下根内质子分泌和关键转运蛋白对根系生长和养分吸收的调控机制;针对粮食作物,研究根系-微生物对话中已知信号物质(如独脚金内酯和N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯)和新的信号物质(小RNA)的网络作用机制及其对多养分协同代谢的影响;最后,针对不同气候、土壤、作物类型区,提出提高氮磷利用效率的根际生物调控途径和措施。     

乙酰胆碱、LatA和FAA对萝卜韧皮部同化物运输的影响

利用乙酰胆碱 (Ach)、微丝解聚剂 (LatA)和维管束固定剂 (FAA)处理萝卜的韧皮部 ,以叶片中可溶性糖和淀粉含量以及14 C 同化物从叶片中的输出量为指标 ,研究 3种药剂对韧皮部同化物运输的调控作用。结果表明 ,低浓度的Ach可有效地促进14 C 同化物向肉质根的运输 ,而LatA和FAA处理则有效抑制14 C 同化物向肉质根的运输。     

固氮球形芽孢杆菌与巨大芽孢杆菌的混合增效作用

球形芽孢杆菌Bs7与巨大芽孢杆菌Bm1 0 1混合培养时具有固氮增效作用。稀释 40 0倍的巨大芽孢杆菌的无菌上清液与球形芽孢杆菌共培养 ,同样能增强后者的固氮活性。Bs7(pAB5 76 )在纯培养时的nifA表达活性为 6 849 5Miller单位 ,与巨大芽孢杆菌上清培养液进行混合培养时的表达活性为 75 0 0 4Miller单位。上述结果表明 :某些微量非碳源的活性分泌物和某些固氮调节基因可能在固氮增效作用中起重要作用。在与水稻联合培养条件下 ,混合接种球形芽孢杆菌与巨大芽孢杆菌可以提高固氮菌在水稻根表的定殖能力     

Australian surveillance for avian influenza viruses in wild birds between July 2005 and June 2007

Objective   To identify and gain an understanding of the influenza viruses circulating in wild birds in Australia.
Design   A total of 16,303 swabs and 3782 blood samples were collected and analysed for avian influenza (AI) viruses from 16,420 wild birds in Australia between July 2005 and June 2007. Anseriformes and Charadriiformes were primarily targeted.
Procedures   Cloacal, oropharyngeal and faecal (environmental) swabs were tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the AI type A matrix gene. Positive samples underwent virus culture and subtyping. Serum samples were analysed using a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for influenza A virus nucleoprotein.
Results   No highly pathogenic AI viruses were identified. However, 164 PCR tests were positive for the AI type A matrix gene, 46 of which were identified to subtype. A total of five viruses were isolated, three of which had a corresponding positive PCR and subtype identification (H3N8, H4N6, H7N6). Low pathogenic AI H5 and/or H7 was present in wild birds in New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia. Antibodies to influenza A were also detected in 15.0% of the birds sampled.
Conclusions   Although low pathogenic AI virus subtypes are currently circulating in Australia, their prevalence is low (1.0% positive PCR). Surveillance activities for AI in wild birds should be continued to provide further epidemiological information about circulating viruses and to identify any changes in subtype prevalence.     

Back-calculation method shows that within-flock transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H7N7) virus in the Netherlands is not influenced by housing risk factors

To optimize control of an avian influenza outbreak knowledge of within-flock transmission is needed. This study used field data to estimate the transmission rate parameter (β) and the influence of risk factors on within-flock transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N7 virus in the 2003 epidemic in The Netherlands. The estimation is based on back-calculation of daily mortality data to fit a susceptible-infectious-dead format, and these data were analysed with a generalized linear model. This back-calculation method took into account the uncertainty of the length of the latent period, the survival of an infection by some birds and the influence of farm characteristics. After analysing the fit of the different databases created by back-calculation, it could be concluded that an absence of the latency period provided the best fit. The transmission rate parameter (β) from these field data was estimated at 4.50 per infectious chicken per day (95% CI: 2.68–7.57), which was lower than what was reported from experimental data. In contrast to general belief, none of the studied risk factors (housing system, flock size, species, age of the birds in weeks and date of depopulation) had significant influence on the estimated β.     

白羽番鸭TLR7基因多态性与部分生产性状的关联分析

以白羽番鸭为研究材料,根据鸭的TLR7基因序列(DQ888644)设计引物,扩增TLR7基因的第1外显子和部分内含子,并分析其多态性对生产性状的遗传效应。结果表明:PCR产物出现片段长度多态,产生AA和AB2种基因型,其中AA型为优势基因型,A为优势等位基因;测序结果显示,在内含子区209位碱基发生C→T突变,在280位碱基之后缺失/插入3个碱基AAT;χ2检验结果表明,该座位处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态;AA型个体的体重、半潜水长和胫围极显著高于AB型(P<0.01),胫长显著高于AB型(P<0.05),其他指标在各基因型间的差异均未达到显著水平(P>0.05),AA型是白羽番鸭生长性状较为有利的基因型。     

SLC7A11基因与动物色素的形成

黑色素广泛分布于微生物、植物和动物体内并扮演了重要的生理功能。SLC7A11基因是新近发现的功能新基因控制脱黑色素合成从而影响到真黑色素与总黑色素的比例,进而改变了动物的毛色和肤色。综述了黑色素的形成过程,并详细分析总结了SLC7A11基因特征及其变异对动物肤色的影响,为研究乌骨绵羊和乌骨鸡乌质性状形成的分子基础提供依据。     

山东PRRSV流行株ORF5、ORF6、ORF7基因序列的分子特征

采用RT-PCR技术对2001~2007年分离自山东地区10株(ShanDong-3、SD-JN、SD-ZQ、SD1、SD2、SD3、SD4、SD5、SD6和SD7)猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)进行ORF5、ORF6和ORF7基因的扩增、克隆和测序,与已知序列的毒株的相应片段进行同源性分析比较,并对其分子特征进行分析。结果表明:该10株病毒仍属北美洲型,其中2001~2002年分离的SD1株、SD2株和2006年分离的SD6株核苷酸序列之间的ORF5、ORF6、ORF7同源性分别为99.2%,99.8%,100%,均与北美洲原型代表株(VR-2332株)和疫苗毒MLVRe-spPRRS Repro USA遗传距离较近,同属一大分支;2006~2007年分离的PRRSV ShanDong-3、SD-JN、SD-ZQ、SD3,SD4,SD5,SD7分离株ORF5、ORF6、ORF7同源性分别为97.8%~100%,99.4%~99.8%,99.2%~99.7%,均与国内96年Ch-1a和2002年HB-1株及2006年分离鉴定的国内高致病性分离株(JXA1、Shanghai、HEB1)同属一个大的分支。首...     

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE CANINE BRAIN AT 7 T

The purpose of this study was to describe relevant canine brain structures as seen on T2-weighted images following magnetic resonance (MR) imaging at 7 T and to compare the results with imaging at 1.5 T. Imaging was performed on five healthy laboratory beagle dogs using 1.5 and 7 T clinical scanners. At 1.5 T, spin echo images were acquired, while gradient echo images were acquired at 3 T. Image quality and conspicuity of anatomic structures were evaluated qualitatively by direct comparison of the images obtained from the two different magnetic fields. The signal-to-nose ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were calculated and compared between 1.5 and 7 T. The T2-weighted images at 7 T provided good spatial and contrast resolution for the identification of clinically relevant brain anatomy; these images provided better delineation and conspicuity of the brain stem and cerebellar structures, which were difficult to unequivocally identify at 1.5 T. However, frontal and parietal lobe and the trigeminal nerve were difficult to identify at 7 T due to susceptibility artifact. The SNR and CNR of the images at 7 T were significantly increased up to 318% and 715% compared with the 1.5 T images. If some disadvantages of 7 T imaging, such as susceptibility artifacts, technical difficulties, and high cost, can be improved, 7 T clinical MR imaging could provide a good experimental and diagnostic tool for the evaluation of canine brain disorders.     

山东PRRSV流行株ORF5、ORF6、ORF7基因序列的分子特征

采用RT-PCR技术对2001～2007年分离自山东地区10株(ShanDong-3、SD-JN、SD-ZQ、SD1、SD2、SD3、SD4、SD5、SD6和SD7)猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)进行ORF5、ORF6和ORF7基因的扩增、克隆和测序,与已知序列的毒株的相应片段进行同源性分析比较,并对其分子特征进行分析.结果表明:该10株病毒仍属北美洲型,其中2001～2002年分离的SD1株、SD2株和2006年分离的SD6株核苷酸序列之间的ORF5、ORF6、ORF7同源性分别为99.2%,99.8%,100%,均与北美洲原型代表株(VR-2332株)和疫苗毒MLVRespPRRS Repro USA遗传距离较近,同属一大分支;2006～2007年分离的PRRSV ShanDong-3、SD-JN、SD-ZQ 、SD3,SD4,SD5, SD7分离株ORF5、ORF6、ORF7同源性分别为97.8%～100%,99.4%～99.8%,99.2%～99.7%,均与国内96年Ch-1a和2002年HB-1株及2006年分离鉴定的国内高致病性分离株(JXA1、Shanghai、HEB1)同属一个大的分支.首次证实目前山东省同时存在高致病性PRRSV和传统PRRSV,并且有由传统PRRSV向高致病性PRRSV演化的趋势.